VIN
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Jj Library
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http:/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924023313996
Cornell University Library
LT 390.C5B16
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3 1924 023 313 996 a
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Lesson 199. God a Spirit.
‘There is only one God, and no man has ever seen him ;
He is invisible, and has no bodily parts like man ; Hei isa
SPIRIT. We can know but little of this Great Being."
We can see His works, and feel gratitude to Him for his }
goodness, but we cannot fully ‘understand how Great
Wise, Mer ciful, and Good He is to his creatures.
Lesson 200. God to be Honoured:
Tt is our duty to Honour God at all times, and in’
everything we do; to think, to speak, and to do, what
is just and right, ‘and avoid all that He forbids. We
honour God when we love Him with all onr heart, and
all our soul, and all our strength; and when we love J
our neighbours as ourselves.
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Lesson 197. God Perfect.
Men have defects of the body, of the senses, and of the
mind. All men have faults, follies, and sins, of some
| kind or other. The best men that ever lived had their
faults and defects. God alone is Perrect. The works
of man may be improved, but no works of God can be
improved ; for “‘ His work is perfect. ”
AE Lesson 198. God Just and Merciful.
God wishes men to avoid evil, and to do right. “He
encourages those who have done wrong in striving to do
right, by being more ready to forgive than to punish.
_Those who continue in,sin will be punished hereafter,
‘because God is Just, but those that turn to him, with
j purpose of heart, will be rewarded, because God is also
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Lesson 195. Glod Every-where Present. 1
All things are kept in being by God; things in heaven, |
and things on the earth. He is the Presorver of the |
universe; and He is everywhere present at the same:
moment. Wherever we go, we may say, “God is in this.
place ;” and whatever we do, “Thou, God, .seest me. ”|
He is Every-wHERb-PRESENT and ALL-SEEING. |
Lesson 196. God All- Wise and Good. |
The Wispom of God is seen in the skill displayed in
creation ; and his Goopngss in making all things for the
happiness of his animate creatures. The wonderful |
structure of the human body, the constant supply of food
and raiment, the changes of the seasons, and the wonders.
of the heavens, declare to us, that God is ALL-wisz and
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| ‘Lesson 193. God Unchangeable.
| Flowers are beautiful, but they fade; animals become
‘feeble and die. 了 ng are continadlly changing froin
‘infancy to old age; and all things change. Some _ peo-
I | ple weep to-day, eal rejoice to-morrow ; some are rich |
i | to-day, and poor to-morrow ; some are in health to-day,
, and dead to-morrow. God ore NEVER CHANGES.
Lesson 194. God Almighty.
_ Kings are mighty among mankind, but God is might-
ier than the mightiest kings. Men can build strong
towers, but they cannot create matter; they can perforin
skilful works, and make curious itngs, but they cannot
| give life, sense, and intelligence, to the things which
‘they make. God alone can do all things; ore is
‘impossible with Him. He is Atmicury.
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Lesson. 191. Death.
The senses do not act inadead body. During life the
pone is in the body, and the body is sensible. At death.
the soul leaves the ‘body, and the body becomes insensible. :
The body and soul together constituteaman. The body.
is visible, but the soul is invisible. The body is mortal,
the soul is zmmortal. .
SECTION XXII, ATTRIBUTES OF. GOD.
Lesson 192. Eternity of God. |
God created all things. The heavens and the earth, |
the sun, the moon, and the stars ;一 even all things: that
are in the universe, were created by him. There was-a
time when the only being that existed was God. All
creatures fade and perish; but God exists for ever. He
|is from everlasting to everlasting; He is Errrnat. |
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Lesson 189, Bodily Defects.
Some people are blind, others deaf, others are hump-
backed, others lame. -Some squint, others have
clubbed feet or hands. Some men are so tall that they
‘are giants, others are so short that they are dwarfs.
People ought not to be either mocked or reproached
fee their bodily defects. Let us rather pity and help
them.
Lesson 190. Diseases.
_ When every part of the body acts properly we are
in health. When some part does not act properly we
‘become ill. Sickness is occasioned by excessive labour,
by want of proper food, by breathing bad air, and by
| unhealthy occupations. Diseases that are communicat-
ed from one’ person to another are called contagious.
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Lesson 187. Use of the Senses. :
The senses are not confined to man, but also exist’
in other animals. The horse learns to know his master, |
the dog follows the scent of the hare. Animals refuse ，
to eat what their smell disapproves. Man obtains most]
of his knowledge by means of the senses. He thus,
acquires ideas which language enables him to express.
Lesson 188. Health.
Health is sustained by food, but people who eat and
drink too much destroy it. Health is promoted by ，
exercise ; but those who work too hard, or take too
little exercise, cannot enjoy health. Air and cleanliness |
are essential to health; but those who live in Sananel
air, or who indulge in dirty habits, cannot be healthy. |
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| Lesson 185. The Taste and Smell.
| People taste with the tongue and palate, and they
smell with the nose. The taste and smell help us to
discern what things are proper for food, and what are
improper. Some flavours are very distinct. For in-
stance, vinegar is sour, gall is bitter, veal is insipid. So
,with smells; some substances have an agreeable smell,
‘and others are unpleasant.
Lesson 186. Fveling or Touch.
The organ of touch is the whole skin, and especially
the fingers and tip of the tongue. We learn whether
objects are hard or soft, rough or smooth, warm or
cool, damp or dry, sharp or blunt, by feeling. We
speak of feeling also with reference to the mind. Thus
when we have a headache, or are cut, or struck, or
agreeable sensations, we feel pleasure.
bnrnt, we feel pain. When we are at ease, or have
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SECTION XXIII.—OF THE SENSES,
Lesson 183. The Sight.
We have five senses, seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, |
and feeling. The organ of sight is the eye. By means’
of the eye, we discern the colours and the forms of
objects—the sun, the moon, the stars, the blue sky, the }
green grass, and the gay flowers. One who cannot see
is blind. The blind are much to be pitied.
Lesson 184. Hearing and Speech.
The organ of hearing is the ear. By means of the.
ear, we hear noises, and music, and speech. Children ，
learn to speak by imitating the voices of others. Those
who have never heard are dumb. The dumb cannot
speak because they cannot hear. They make known |
their wants by pointing to objects, and by signs.
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| Lesson 181. Applications of Mechanical poner.
| Machines save labour and time; a hammer to drive
nails is better that a brick or a stone; a grindstone is
better than a flat stone to put an edge on a chisel. A
saw is superior to an axe for cutting a log of timber
into boards, and moreover it prevents waste. The saw-
mill cuts better and faster than the hand-saw.
| Lesson 182. Mechanism in Nature.
Mechanical contrivances are seen in the structure of
“many animals. Our limbs are levers with power of
‘motion. The arch of a bridge is formed of wedges, so
is the arch of the human foot. The teeth of animals
are cutting instruments. Some insects have screws and
ead with which they can pierce wood or stone.
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Lesson 179. The Screw. The Pulley.
The screw is chiefly used in presses, which are worked
by levers; the thread of the screw is the projecting
ridge round it. If the threads are near each other, the
screw is easier to turn that if they are wide apart.
The pulley is used for raising weights; a rope passes
over it, and the pulley turns round with the rope.
Lesson 180. Mechanical Contrivances.
The best machines cannot be made to act of them-|
selves; power must be applied to them. The power,
employed is labour, wind, water or steam. A grind-
stone is turned by a man, a windmill is moved by the
wind, a steam-engine by steam; when the power is no
longer applied to the inachine, it is at rest.
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Lesson 177. Zhe Wheel and Axle.
The wheel and eale are used to lift heavy weights. On
board ship this instrument is called the capstan; the
cable is attached to the capstan, and the anchor to the
{ cable ; the anchor is raised or lowered by means of the cap-
stan. The crane, and the grindstone are also applications
of the wheel and axle. ae |
’ Lesson 178. Zhe Inclined Plane. The Wedge.
A sloping plank or ladder, used to roll goods up light
elevations, is an ¢nclined plane. When ships are launched,
they are made to descend an inclined plane into the water.
The wedge is used in splitting blocks of wood. In coalpits
and in quarries, it is driven between layers of coal or|
stone to separate them.
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SECTION XXII—THE MECHANICAL ! OWERS.
Lesson 175. The Lever.
Mechanics use tools, implements, and machines, to.
assist them in their operations. One of these implements
is called the /ever, being much used to raise or move
heavy objects. <A poker is a lever with which-we raise
the hot coals of the fire ; a spade is a lever, that is used to
cut, lift, and move, masses of earth.
Lesson 176. The Lever. ( Continued.) |
In lifting a lump of coal with the tongs, we use a lever, |
the power being applied by the hand to the legs of the’
tongs. In the treddle of a turning-lathe, the power is
applied by the foot. A pump-handle is a bent lever, the
power being applied at its end. A clawed hammer when
used to draw nails is also a bent lever. |
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Lesson 173. Measurement.
The size of many objects can be measured by a rule,
on which inches and parts of inches are marked. Ten
parts make an inch, ten inches are called a foot, and
two feet four inches make a yard. Tables, doors, and
boxes, are measured by feet and inches. Cloth, calico,
carpets, &c., are measured by yards. Distant places
are measured by miles.
Lesson 174. Colour.
All objects about us have colour. The sky is blue,
grass is green, blood is red. Seven colours are seen in
thé rainbow, but only three of them are principal col-
ours ;—red, blue, and yellow. All other colours are
| made by mixing these. White is not a colour, and
black is the absence of all colour.
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Lesson 171. Form.
All things have form.—Some objects are straight,
others are curved; some are regular, and others are §
|irregular. A bench is straight, a ring is circular, and
‘a horn is curved. A ball is spherical. A triangle has
\three sides. A square has four sides. A lump of earth §
\is irregular in its form.
Lesson 172. Magnitude.
Objects are great or small. The greatest works of
man in a country are small compared with the country
itself; the largest country is small compared with the
earth; the earth is small compared with the sun; and
the sun is small compared with the universe. Many |
small objects cannot be seen without a microscope. |
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| Lesson 169. Peculiar Properties of Matter.
All bodies have weight or density ; although some are
| much heavier than others. Some substances are very
_hard; as glass and iron. Some are elastic ; as Indian-
rubber and whalebone. Some are quite britile ; as glass
{and china. _Some metals can be beaten thin, being
全 malleable ; and some can be drawn into wire, being ducitle.
Lesson 170. Motion.
Motion is change of place. . By motion the blood cir-
.culates ; the heart beats; the lungs contract and dilate.
Bodies are put into motion by force. When a ball is
struck, the force of the blow puts it into motion. Bodies
‘can neither put themselves into motion nor stop them-
selves when in motion; this property is called inertia.
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Lesson 167. Indestructibility of Matter.
We cannot destroy one particle of matter. We may |
break and powder stone, but the dust will remain. We
may boil away water, but it will be changed to steam,
condensed in the cold air, and again changed to water.
We can burn coal, wood, and paper, but the smoke and |
ashes will be left. This is called cndestructibelity
Lesson 168. Attraction.
Matter possesses the quality of attraction, and by-this
things are drawn together. Atoms of matter, as coal,
wood, and stone, are held together by cohesive attraction.
Bodies are drawn to the earth by the attraction of gravita-
tion ; by the same kind of attraction, the earth revolves
round the sun. A sponge absorbs water through its
pores by capillary attraction.
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Lesson 165. Self-Improvement.
Self-improvement is one of the first duties of life.
Persons improve themselves by study, by practice, and
by observation. Whatever a man’s occupation is, he
|} may improve himself by giving attention to it. And
whatever his position in life, he may improve himself in
lis love to man and in his obedience to God.
= SECTION XXI.—OF MATTER. MOTION. ETC.
Lesson 166. Divisibility of Matter.
All existences in the universe may’ be reduced to two
classes, distinguished as material and immaterial. Mate- |
rial existences may be called dhings, aud all things which
we see are formed. of material substance (or matter).
Matter may be divided and subdivided so often that it
will at length be very small indeed. The smallest por-
tions of matter are called atoms, and the power of being
divided into atoms is called the divisibility of matter.
The odour of flowers consists of atoms.
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Lesson 163. History.
History is a record of what has happened in former
times. The oldest history is that which tells us how the
world was made. The most important is that of the’
spread of the Gospel. The history of England tells us
of kings, of wars, aud of great men, &c., for abont 1900,
years. The history of China recor ds the affairs of more |
than 4000 years, from the time of the emperor Yaou.
Lesson 164. Nenspapers and Books.
Infor mation is conveyed by newspapers and by books.
day. They contain accounts of accidents, crimes, ‘deaths,
trades, inventions, amusements, and many other things
either important or agreeable to be known. Books are
written either for instruction or for amusement. By
reading, mankind become wiser and happier.
|
The néwspapers of the western nations are ver y numerous, |
several tens perhaps being published in one city in one
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Lesson 161. Machinery.
Many operatioss are performed by machinery, which
either could not be done at all, or would require g areat
toil and expense. The plough, the harrow, and the
threshing-machine, save the labour of the spade, the
hoe, and the flail. The railway, the coach, and the
‘waggon, save the pack-horse and the foot passenger.
Lesson 162. Language.
We express our wants, our thoughts, and our feel-
ings, by means of language. Language enables us to
give names to persons, animals, places, virtues, vices,
and every thing which can be pointed to. It expresses
qualities; such as hard, soft, old, new, &c. We speak
also of actions and of events. Language may be writ-
{| ten as well as spoken.
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eae 5 ee we we
a A la at 2 X th Be AT HE,
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|
Lesson 159. Exports and Imports.
England exports iron, steel, salt, and many manufac
tires ; and imports wine, tea, cotton, timber, gold,’
sae &e. France exports wine, brandy, fruit, “and
fancy goods; and imports cotton, coffee, spices. Rssiu
exports tallow, leather, fur, hemp ; its chief imports
are the produce of tropical climates, and manufactures.
China exports tea, silk, Ge.; its imports are cotton,
cotton yarn, piece goods, &e.
Lesson 160. Ships. |
Countries that are separated from each other by the §.
ocean are reached by means of ships, which are urged
with sails only by the wind, or provided with engines
worked by steam. Ships convey both persons and
goods. The owners of ships are often merchants; the
men who work them are sailors; and the master is
called the captain.
Sh
may
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Lesson 157. Civilized Nations.
co .
Poland, may be called civilized. The arts and sciences
are known-among the learned, but most of the people
are very ignorant. The other nations of Europe, and
the people of the United States of America, are the most
enlightened in the earth.
: The nations of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Russia, and
SECTION XX.—OF TRADE AND COMMERCE.
Lesson 158. Commerce.
The productions of countries are different. One pro-
duces wheat in large quantities; another, grapes.
In other countries, figs, olives, dates, oranges, spices, tea,
| coffee, gums, cotton, sugar, and tobacco abound. Other
‘ countries are noted fortheir manufactures. The exchange
of the productions of one country for those of another is
called commerce.
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Lesson 155. Barbarous Nations. |
Those nations are called barbarous that have no capital.
cities and certain dwelling-places, but wander about to!
obtain food for their flocks, or to make war on neigh-
bouring tribes. Such nations are found chiefly in the |
deserts of Africa, Tartary, Arabia, and Persia. Some.
of them possess villages, practise ¢ agriculture, and obtain |
European manufactures by barter.
Lesson 156. Half-civilized Nations.
The people of some countries are partly civilized.
Such are found in Africa, in Hindostan, in Japan, in
Persia, in Turkey, and other countries of Asia. They
| cultivate the soil, and know afew arts. They have laws
and some books, but they are mostly ignorant of the.
useful arts. Many of their customs are barbarous.
BG By Bye
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Lesson 153. Countries of Africa, America, § Oceania.
The chief countries of Africa are Egypt, Barbary,
Guinea, the Cape of Good Hope, Negroland, and
Abyssinia. In America are the United States, Canada,
Mexico, and Brazil. The parts of Oceania are not
called countries, but islands, which are divided into
three large groups: Polynesia, on the east,‘ Malaysia, on
the west, ~and Australia, in the south.
Lesson 154. Savage Nations.
Some nations exist in a savage state. They dress in
skins, and feed on wild fruits, roots of plants, and the
flesh of animals:caught in the chase. The North Ameri-
can Indians, the Indians of South America, the nativ es/
of Avistenlin and New Zealand, and most af the Negroes
in the interior of Africa, are in a savage state.
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Lesson 151. Zuures.
Taxes are sums of money paid by the people for the
support of the government. Life and property must be
protected, violence and fraud must be punished, laws
must be obeyed, and social order maintained. The per-
sons employed to do these things for the people are
paid out of the taxes that are collected.
SECTION XIX.—OF OTHER NATIONS BESIDES BRITAIN,
Lesson 152. Countries of Europe 中 Asia.
The five great divisons of the earth are Europe, Asia,
A frica, America, and Oceania. Each part comprises
many nations. The chief nations of Hurope are Russia,
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Great Britain,
France, Belgium, and Holland. Those of Asia are
China, Hindostan (or India), Japan, Siain, Persia,
Arabia, and Turkey. ;
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tate
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|
Lesson 149. Money
Money consists of gold, silver, or copper, stamped by
‘the government into coins of a certain value. In China,
the éael of gold money is worth seventeen taels of silver, |
and the loel of silver money is worth about 1400 or 1500 ，
cash. The principal coins used in England, are what:
are vulgarly called gold pieces, shillings, and pennies. One!
gold piece is equal to 20 shillings, and one shilling to 12
pence. Bank-notes are printed strips of paper with
promises to pay the sums marked on them.
|
Lesson 150. Property.
Houses, furniture, books, cattle, fields, forests, manu-
Property is sometimes
obtained from parents and friends; but it is also got by
‘skill and by diligence. Persons who have money to
spare often employ a part of it in promoting useful or
‘benevolent undertakings, as hospitals and railroads.
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Lesson 147.
War is one of the greatest calamities that a nation can
War.
suffer.
dered, lands are wasted, towns and villages are burned.
War reduces the rich to poverty, makes wives become |
widows, and children orphans.
much wickedness and sorrow.
Lesson 148. Zhe Land and Naval Forces.
The army of Great Britain consist of many regiments |
of horse and foot soldiers. Most of them live in barracks,
in England, Ireland, and Scotland; but some of them
are sent abroad to protect the colonies. The marine
troops live on board the ships of war, which protect the.
English commerce in all parts of the world. Soldiers
and sailors, when aged or wounded, receive pensions,
on i=
For in war people are killed, houses are plun- |
War is tlre cause of |
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Lesson 145. Hvil-doers.
Those who break the laws of their country are liable
to punishment. According to the laws of England, theft
which is taking another person’s goods, is “punishable
with imprisonment. Forgery, which is signing another
person's name, to deceive, is punishable with transporta-
tion, Treason and murder are punishable with death.
Lesson 146. Trial by Jury.
@| Trial by jury is an excellent institution of Britain.
According to it, twelve of the people attend at the court
with the judge, to determine whether prisoners are or
are not guilty of crime. It is their business to hear the
aceusation, to listen to the witnesses, to attend to the
defence, and to bring in the verdict, upon which the
judge passes sentence according to the law.
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Lesson 143. Roads and Railways. |
Roads are formed from place to place in nearly all coun-
tries. The mode of travelling on roads is on foot, on horse-
back, in gigs, in coaches, or by railway. Large trains
of carriages, containing passengers and merchandise, are’
conveyed very rapidly : along railways. People travel by |
water in ships, carried by the winds, or in steamboats.
SECTION XVIII.—OF GOVERNMENT. -
Lesson 144. The Bristish Nation.
The three countries of England, Scotland, and Ireland
forin the British nation. They are gover ned by laws
which are decided on in the two houses of Parliament.
Those houses are named the House of Lords, and ‘the
House of Commons ; they pass the laws, which, however,
must be assented to ‘by the sovereign before they are in
force.
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tes Re ae wt em
and in cold climates for warmth also. In some plac es
i called coal a
‘Rooms that are low and damp, rooms in which sick peo-
.pol are confined, and all bedrooms should be well ven-
_tilated. Fires and lights burning in a room consume
‘the air, aud make ventilation more necessary. Those
Who work in close rooms should walk much out of doors.
Lesson 141. Fire.
Fires are rquired in all climates for cooking food ;
fires are made of wood, in others of peat which is dug
out of bogs, but in England the chief fuel used is coal.
Coal is a mineral; and is dug out of deep places which
Lesson 142. Jentilation.
We cannot enjoy good health without pure air.
作 I. << 多
工 Bil RY a
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A MESISS SR a
|
|
iLesson 1389. Glas.
In the west, towns were formerly lighted with oil lamps; |
now, nearly all towns are lighted with gas, which is an
inflammable air made from coal, and conveyed under |
ground by iron pipes to the streets, and houses. ‘Towns
are lighted to protect the property of the inhabitants, |
and to light them as they walk through the streets.
Lesson 140. Water.
Many towns have fresh water supplied to the houses |
from rivers or from reservoirs. The water flows under
ground, sometimes for many miles through large pipes ;
it is then conveyed into houses by smaller ones. In.
former times, water was drawn from wells, and carried, '
which was laborious, and took much time. |
十 JA, Pal
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Lesson 137. Professions. |
Those occupations that require a good education andi
much knowledge, are called professions. They consist of |
preachers of the gospel, teachers, lawyers, physicians,
and surgeons. Preachers make known to us our re-
ligious duties. ‘Teachers instruct the young. Lawyers)
give advice respecting the laws. Physicians and surgeons |
heal diseases.
Lesson 188. Buildings of a Town. 6
In towns the houses are built together ; there are streets,
shops, prisons, court-houses, : almshouses, infirmaries,
churches and chapels, schools, libraries, a marketplace,
l&c. In most towns of En gland a market is held weekly,
and fairs are held several times at certain periods every
year.
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Te
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Lesson 135. Tradesmen, Mechanics, de.
Grocers, drapers, ironmongers, &c., are called shopkeep-
ers. Hatters, tailors, shoemakers, &c., are tradesmen. |
Watchmakers, smiths, and cabinetmakers are mechanics. |
Men who work at trades to earn wages are called journey-
men. Boys who are bound to masters for a term of years,
to learn trades, are called apprentices. |
Lesson 186. Divers E-mployments.
|
Men who do any kind of work for day wages are called
labourers. The men and women who live in families to
do the work are called servants. The richer people em-
ploy servants to wait upon them and to do their work ;
thus many poor people are employed, and obtain wages
for their labour. : |
aKy
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7
—_ SECTION XVII.—OF SOCIAL LIFE.
| Lesson 183. Domestic Relations.
1
Those children who have the same parents belong to
‘one family, and those whose fathers or mothers belonged
‘to one family are called relations, or relatives. Our
‘nearest relatives are fathers, mothers, brothers, and
‘sisters. Our next relatives are grandfathers, grand-
mothers, uncles, aunts, and cousins.
Lesson 184. Trade and Agriculture.
i
|
| Manufactures, mechanics, merchants, and tradesmen,
live in town. Manufacturers employ men and machinery
‘in making silk, linen, cotton, cutlery, hardware, &c.
Farmers “and: their labourers live in villages. They
cultivate the earth. Manufacturers, farmers, ‘and trades-
‘men, serve each other best by keeping each one to his
own business.
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Productons 1s of C Climates. (Cont.)
Lesson 181.
In the very cold climates there are no high trees, but
only stunted shrubs, and mosses, and lichens. Near to
the polar circles there is no vegetation at all, but ice and
snow all the year round. The plants of warmer climates
are, however, often reared in the warm, sheltered parts
of colder climates ; the more tender plants are grown by |
artificial means.
Lesson 132. Productions of Climates. (Cont.)
Many plants grow in various climates. Some which |
are natives of hot countries grow during summer in
colder regions. Many plants from other ‘countries are
cultivated in England. Every part of tbe earth may fur-
nish plants for our fields aud gardens, where they are
reared by paying aitention to their habits, whether they |
beiong to hotter or colder climates.
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Lesson 129. Productions of Climates. ( Cont.)
The third climate produces the cotton-plant, the
sugar-cane, rice, maize, the almond, the palm, and to-
bacco. The fourth produces the orange, the tea-shrub,
the olive, and melons. The fifth produces. the fig, the
mulberry, the cork-tree, and the onion. In this climate
vines begin to be cultivated.
Lesson 130. Productions of Climates. (Cont.) *
The sixth climate abounds in grassy plains, and in
it wheat and vines are cultivated. The seventh also
produces vines and much corn. The eighth produces
; apples, barley, &c., which are also found in the ninth.
In the tenth the best oaks and elms are found, and
many small fruits. The eleventh produces hemp and
flax ; and the twelfth—oats, rye, firs, pines, 人 cc:
4, Fin
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‘Lesson 127. Climates.
Each zone is hotter at the parts nearest to the equa-|
tor, and gradually becomes colder at the parts distant
from it. The scholars of the west, according to the.
variations of heat, divide the globe into chmates. The
heat at the equator causes luxuriant vegetation, and
snow is never seen. At the poles there is constant ice
and snow, but neither vegetation nor animal life.
Lesson 128. Productions of Climates.
The first, or hottest climate, produces such spices as
ginger, nutmeg, and pepper; and cooling fruits, such’
as the cocoa-nut, and bread-fruit. The next climate 下
produces fragrant spices, such as cinnamon, myrrh, and
frankincense; and also delicious fruits, such as the
pine-apple, the date, and the tamarind. |
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SRS RELL S Se EET IN ARN
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°
|
Lesson 125. Zhe Temperate Zones.
The temperate zones lie between the torrid and the;
§ frigid zones. The temperate zones are the most healthy |
parts of the earth. In them the most useful animals’
abound. Beasts such as horses, oxen, goats, sheep, and
deer; and birds such as nightingales, pigeons, and
| fow Is, may be found here; also useful fishes.
Lesson 126. Inhabitants of the Zones.
The natives of the torrid zone are mostly of black,
or dark complexions; they are indolent in their habits.
In both the temperate zones, the natives have white
‘or light skins; they are industrious and intelligent.
The people of the frigid zones are dwarfish, and have
little knowledge ; they live by fishing and hunting.
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Lesson 128. The Torrid Zone.
If a broad belt were wrapped round the middle of a:
globe, east and west, so as to cover one-third of the:
surface, it would represent the torrid zone. In it live’
the largest, the most beautiful, and the most dangerous
animals. Beasts and birds of prey, venomous reptiles,
and noxious insects, are found there, besides many
others more useful.
Lesson 124. The Frigid Zones.
The two frigid zones extend from the poles to the
two temperate zones ; about one quarter of the distance
from each pole to the equator. The white bear, the
reindeer, the dog, the whale, the walrus, and the seal, |
are found there. For months the sun never rises in the.
frigid zones ; during other months it never sets. |
|
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a
SECTION XVI—OF CLIMATES~E%C.
Lesson 121. Zhe Cardinal Points.
If we look towards the sun at noon, our face is turned
to the south, our back towards the north, our right hand
is towards the west, and our left hand towards the east.
In a map, the bottom is south, the top north, the left hand
west, the right hand east. These are the Cardinal Points.
= Lesson 122. The"EHquator § the Zones. 1
The line that runs through the map of the world at
the largest part of the earth,'midway between the poles,
is called the Equator. The map is divided into five
“gones; the torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two
frigid zones. The equator lies in the torrid zone. The
poles are in the frigid zones. The temperate zones are
between the torrid zone and the frigid zones. 、
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BERS SNESNAL!
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AHS REhea eres
SEEMS mES pS M
Lesson 119. Mouths and Decades.
In China, ten days make a decade, and there are three
in a month, the upper, middle and lower. In Western
nations, they do not reckon by decades. Seven days
form a week, vulgarly called a Le-pae, each day having
a particular name. The common method of saying the
le-pae day, Ist, 2nd, of the le-pae, &e., is not the practice
of the western nations.
Lesson 120. Cycles and Centuries.
In China, the age of the world is reckoned by the cycle
of 6Q years, commencing with the 61st year of Hwang-
te, and thence continually repeated. This is the Ist
year of the 76th cycle. In the West, they reckon by
centuries, dividing the history of the w ‘orld into two parts,
one before the birth of the Saviour, and one after it.
[From the creation of men to the birth of Jesus, there
were 54 centuries and 11 years. From that time to the
ee there have been 18 centuries and 64 years.
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Lesson. 119. Months and Seasons. 一
A year consists of twelve months. In China, there
|| are seven intercalary months in nineteen years, and in the
| West, there is one intercalary day in four years. In
‘China, some of the months are 30 days long, and some
29. The length of the English months, and the inter-
calation, are given in the following lines ;—
Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November.
All the rest increase one day,
(How easy is it this to say ! )
But February ;—that you fill
With eight and twenty days, until
The fourth and leap year, then’s the time,
That February’s days are twenty-nine.
Each English month has a particular name. There
are four seasons in the year, three months forming one
season. :
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Lesson 116. - Meteors.
Bright lights which float or move in the air and soon
vanish are called meteors. When the sun shines on
falling rain in the opposite side of the heavens, there is | |
a meteor called the rainbow. A rainbow caused by the
moon is a lunar rainbow. Haloes are rings of vapour ,
round the sun or moon. Lightning is electricity dis-
charged from the clouds. Clouds are meteors.
SECTIN XV.—OF TIME.
Lesson 117. Divisions of the Day.
The day consists, in China, of twelve periods of time, '
named by the twelve branch-characters of the cycle. In
Western nations, it consists of twenty-four hours, twelve
counted from midnight to noon, and twelve from noon.
to midnight again. The parts of the day are morning, :
forenoon, noon, afternoon, evening, night, and mid-
night. When the sun rises, it is day; when it sets, it |
is night. Before sunrise and after sunset we have |
twilight.
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| Lesson 114. The Moon.
| The moon moves with the earth round the sun; it
i | also moves round the earth. The moon is one of the
‘most beautiful orbs in the firmament. It gives us light
{! during many nights in the year. Its changes are fre-
quent. The moon revolves round the earth in about
twenty-nine days, and divides the year into months.
” Lesson 115. The Atmosphere.
The whole earth is surrounded with air. We feel
‘and breathe it. Men, animals, and plants, could not
live without air. When the air moves quickly, it is
called wind. A wind that blows round and round is
called a whirlwind. The mists that ascend from the
earth form clouds, and the cloudy vapours are condens-
ed, and descend to the earth as rain.
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|
‘Lesson 112. Motions of the Earth.
The earth moves round its own azis once every day :
it moves round the sun once in a year. Asit moves on
its axis, one half of it is next to the sun, and is enlightened,
jand the half from it is dark. The light is day ; the dark-
ness night. As it goes round the sun, its position is
constantly changing, and the poles are in succession
turned towards the sun or from it; this produces the
four seasons.
Lesson 113. Eguinoxes and Solstices.
One day in spring is exactly twelve hours long all
over the earth, and one night also. The same thing
happens in autumn. ‘These times are the vernal equinox
and the autumnal equinox, One day in summer is the
longest day in the year, and one day in winter is the
shortest. ‘These days are called the summer and the
winter solstices.
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Lesson 110. The Earth and Universe,
The earth is not flat as it appears to us, but an im-
mense globe, composed of land and water. The sun does
‘not move round the earth from east to west, as it seems
to us; but the earth revolves round it once every year.
Many of the distant stars are suns round which planets
_ are perpetually revolving, as the Globe, Mercury, Venus,
‘and other planets, go round our sun.
Lesson 111. The Poles.
| IfI hold an orange between my thumb and forefinger
to represent the earth, my finger, being uppermost,
indicates the north pole, and my thumb the south pole.
| The orange, being a little flattened at the insertion of
the stalk and the opposite side, shows the shape of the
earth pretty nearly. It is a globe, slightly flattened at
‘the poles. The poles are called the extremities of the
axis.”
| SLCION XIV.—THE AIR AND THE HEAVENS.
1
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Lesson 108. Afaterials of Little Vulue.
Materials of little value may be made useful. Com-
mon clay is made into buttons which look like valuable
stones. The woollen waste of the factories is made into |
beds. Tailors’ cuttings are used for fastening trees |
against walls. Dried leaves are often swept up in
autumn, and made into beds-by the poor.
Lesson 109. Nothing is Useless.
Nothing is“useless, and therefore nothing should be
wasted. Large bones are useful for making the handles |f
of knives and forks, and small ones are ground for
manure. Dried branches of trees make good fuel, and
acorns are food for pigs. The small bits of the hides,
horns, and hoofs of animals are wade into glue.
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Lesson 106. Mineral Productions.
Many of the minerals produce substances unlike them-
selves. Some of the metals, as copper, iron, lead, zinc,
&c., are produced from ores that. look more or less like
stones. The common tools of the poor man are pro-
duced:from iron ore; and money, which all people re-
‘quire, is coined from gold, silver, and copper.
Lesson 107. Waste Materials.
The things we often waste might be turned to ac-
connt. Shavings of wood, paper-cuttings, and saw-dust,
are used in packing up goods; old woollen garments,
torn into shreds, can be woven again into coarse cloth;
cotton and linen rags are reduced to pulp, and made into
paper ; and broken glass is remelted at the glass-house.
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中 ,如 矿
e
&
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Sh ASBISBYL aN | 小
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Lesson 104. Resins §- Gums. (Imports.)
Many trees yield resins and gums. Firs produce resin ;
the camphor tree yields camphor ; a species of acacia pro-
duces gum-arabic. Mastic and other resins are used for 和
making varnish. Myrrh and aloes are used in medicine. |
Indian-rubber and gutta-percha repel the wet, and are |
used for various other purposes.
Lesson 105. Roots J+ Oils. (Imports. )
Roots and other products of plants are imported on
account of their utility. Ginger is used as a spice; gen-
tian, rhubarb, and other roots, are used as medicines ; ，
orris root, as a perfume. Many plants yield oil. Olive- |
oilis obtained from olives ; castor-oil from a kind of bean ; |
linseed-oil from the seeds of the flax-plant. |
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°
人
va Sou Sp Se Seat SS HS
ST Wea Saath SEH BEA SH
EE
oe
AS Hats 0 SS BY pO | 波
|
Lesson 102. Animal Substances. ( Imports.)
Those things which are sent to us from foreign coun-
tries are called imports. Many of the imports into Eng-
land are animal productions, such as wool, fur, hides,
feathers, quills, aud silk; ivory, whale-bone, tortoise-
‘shell, and horns; tallow, wax, spermaceti, and honey;
leather, bristles, leeches, and many other articles.
Lesson 103. Vegetable Substances. (Import.)
| Vegetable imports into England consist of timber,
| plants, bark, and roots. Oak, deal, teak, aud other woods
are imported in large quantities for building purposes,
and for furniture makers. Rosewood, satin-wood, and
ebony, are imported for fine cabinet work. Logwood is
imported for dyeing; and many vegetables for medicine.
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ms
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=
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Lesson 100. Precious Stones.
Precious and beautiful stones are called gems, of which 'f
there are many varieties. There are the jasper, tle sap-
phire, the chalcedony, the chryselite, the beryl, the |
amethyst, the emerald, the cornelian, the opal, the
chrysoprase, &c. The diamond is colourless and trans-
parent; it is the most valuable of all precious stones.
SECTION XII 一 OF SUBSTANCES.
Lesson 101. | The three Classes of Objects.
We obtain nearly all things about us from animals,
vegetables, or miuerals. This pei) was a feather in a bird’s §
wing, and is therefore an animal substance. This paper fF
is made of linen or of cotton or of bamboo, and is there- |
fore a vegetable substance. This knife-handle is made
from the elephant’s tusk, and is an animal substance, '
while its steel blade is mineral.
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f
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Lesson 98. Combustible Minerals.
}| Resides the metals, the minerals, such as coal and
‘sulphur, are also dug from mines. Sulphur i is a yellow
mineral, and burns with achoking fume. Coal is a black
mineral, and is used for firing. uy here are several kinds
of coal, as anthracite or stone coal, cannel-coal, pit-coal,
and jet. From stones we also get oils, which are a sort
of pitch, such as naphtha.
Lesson 99. Uses of Metals.
! Tron is made into heavy tools and sharp instruments.
| Tin is spread over thin iron plates, which are used to
make tin boxes, candlesticks, &c. Gold and silver are
|. coined into money, and also made into costly ornaments.
Lead is made into pipes and cisterns, and is often used for
' gutters on roofs of houses. Copper and zixe are mixed
‘together to make brass.
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TSS RS > ER
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Lesson 96. Earths and Salts. |
Flint is used for making glass; red clay, for bricks
and tiles; potter’s clay, for bowls, plates, and all sorts:
of earthen ware; marble, for chimney-pieces; rotten- |
stone, for polishing metals. Some kinds of chalk are
used for drawing; vitriol and alum are employed in
dyeing. Salt-petre and charcoal are used in making
gunpowder.
Lesson 97. Metads.
The metals in common use are gold, silver, copper,
jiron, tin, lead, zinc, and mercury. Gold and silver are’
called precious metals; they do not rust. Copper, iron, |
tin, lead, and zinc, are common and useful. Lead is hard ;!
iron is soft; mercury is liquild. Gold, silver, and cop-
per, are made into money, for purposes of commerce,
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| Lesson 94. Changes in Water.
Frozen water is ice ; in the northern and southern icy
oceans, the ice often rises high like hills. The heat of
the sun turns water into vapour; the vapour forms
clouds, and clouds produce rain. Water made very hot
turns into steam. Sea-water is not fit for drinking, be-
cause it is salt. Water for drinking should have neither
| colour, smell, nor taste.
Lesson 95. Substance of the Eurth.
The substance of the earth is formed of earths, salts,
‘metals, and minerals. There are different kinds of
earth, as sand, gravel, lime, clay, chalk, &c. Sand is
‘obtained from the sea-shore, or from sand-pits; gravel,
from gravel-pits. Salt is usually dug from mines. The
ores of gold, of silver, of copper, of iron, of lead, and
‘of tin, as well as coal and sulphur, form part of the
earth, and are dug out of it.
Be pt ot im ok My ， 饮 极 , 而 有 水 ，
KG Sa. JE ZS BS
ey Veet tee fee ee
ace Oe. ee
Aw BB KRY we BU
a ae Ue ee ON ee 氏 。
me SRG LG Me ME 2k im A Au ok
HLT RE SK
Py oe Be wh JE A ae BR A, do Be Di te.
PR i Fe SiH MAE 味 .不 雨 .使 洋 ，
出 . 磺 , 据 泥 是 不 金 花 。 BE A ie HL
等 取 , 沙 ,也 .一 ,类 RK BE OK
矿 , 金 , 则 沙 有 车 RY Hh AK TP
Lesson 92. Tracts of Land.
Large tracts of land are called plains. The parts
rising above the plains are hills and mountains. Burn-
ing mountains are called volcanoes. The tracts of low
open land between ranges of high hills are called valleys.
Bodies of land with water all around them are called
islands. Hollows in hills are called caves, hollows in
the earth are called caverns.
|
Lesson 93. Collections of Water.
|
Large bodies of water which separate the different
parts of the globe are called ocans and seas. Waters
that run into the oceans and seas are rivers or streams.
Collections of water which are surrounded by land are
lakes. Water gushing out of the earth is a spring. At.
springs wells are often dug. Tracts of low wet land are
marshes, |
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Lesson 90. Growth of Plants
|
|
| Plants are nourished by sap. Their smallest roots
are called mouths, and draw sap from the earth, which
goes into the stem, and spreads through the branches
Mand leaves, so that every, even the sinallest part, re-
ceives 人 and grows. Some plants are grown
| from seeds, others from pieces of the root, ei from
|| parts of the plant itself, called slips.
SECTION XII. 一 OF THE EARTH.
Lesson 91. Civisions of the Earth.
The figure of the earth is round, and it may be called
an inmense globe. Its surface is ‘composed of land and
water. The land contains plains, mountains, valleys,
and. islands: the water consists of oceans, seas, rivers,
and lakes. There are many countries in the earth. In
those countries are cities, towns, villages, fields, gardens,
| parks, mines,roads, forests, fens, moors, &e.
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Lesson 88. Uses of Plants. ( Continued.) |
The cocoa-nut contains a clear, cool, and pleasant
.| beverage within its kernel, the shell is made into cups,
aud the fibres of the husk into mats, strings, and
brooms. The pulp is eatable, and also yields oil. In
the countries where the cocoa-nut tree grows, tle man-
sions of the rich and the huts of the poor are built with
it, while their roofs are covered with its plaited leaves—
Lesson 89. Varieties in Plants. ;
Plants vary from each other in their roots, stems, and
other parts. In some plants the roots are long and
tapering, in others they are fibgous. The stem is woody,
hollow, pithy, and jointed. The leaves are roundish,
angular, smooth, prickly, and odorous. Blossoms vary
in colour, shape, and smell. Seeds are inclosed in the
pulp, in shells, in pods, and in husks.
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wa
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Lesson 86. Ferns, Mosses, Fungi.
Some ferns many be eaten, and others are used for
litter for cattle, and for thatching houses with. Mosses
and lichens grow on stones, on old walls, on trees, and
on the ground. Some mosses are used for medicine,
and some lichens for dyeing. Mushrooms, &c., are
called fungi. Some of the fungi are eatable, but others
are poisonous and not to be eaten.
Lesson 87. Uses of Plants.
| Many articles of food, besides the grains and vegeta-
bles mentioned above, are. derived , from plants, as
tea, coffee, the spices, sugar, treacle, arrow-root, and
fsago. The bread-fruit tree is found in the south-sea
islands ; its wood ts used for making houses, its bark
for making cloth, and its fruit is the principal support
of the people. It is truly a valuable tree.
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eed 84. Medicinal Plands.
Many medicines are obtained from plants. Of some
plants the root is used, as the rhubarb and liquorice ; of
others, the flowers, as the camomile ; of others, the bark,
as cinnamon; of others, the juice, as the poppy: of
others, the leaves, as the loquat, and sweet basil; of
others, the kernel, as the peach, and the almond. of
others, the twigs, as the mulberry and cinnamon trees.
The plants with healing qualities, are first gathered
and prepared by herbalists, and then sold by the
apothecary.
Lesson 85. Garden Fbowers.
The flowers cultivated in gardens are the rose, the mag-
nolia, the sun-flower, the chrysanthemum, the camellia, °
the azalea, the flowering pyrus, the oleander, the jasmine,
the Lawsonia purpurea, the peony, and a great many
others, which cannot be particularly mentioned. Some
are nimuale—alat are called “ grass-roots ;” and some
are perennials—what are called ‘ tree-roots.”
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Lesson 82. The Corn Plants.
|
|
The most valuable of the grasses-are the corn-plants.
‘Their grains, either eaten whole, or ground into flour,
are suitable for human food. They grow high above
the earth; their stems are hard, smooth, light, and
和 hollow. The corn-plants are grown in many countries;
the grain when in the ear is covered with a husk.
a
= Lesson 88. Garden Porduce.
The garden supplies many wholesome vegetables.
The most common are potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers,
parsnips, carrots, beet, spinach, onions, and asparagus.
The salad herbs are such as mustard, cress, lettuce, and
radishes. Mint, thyme, sage, &c., are pot-herbs. In
gardens we also grow the various kinds of pulse and
gourds.
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Lesson 80. Trees and Shrubs.
Trees and shrubs are woody plants. They are dis-
tinguished by trees throwing out their branches from
the trunk, while shrubs are low and bushy, and throw.
out their branches from the root. Some trees are
grown in gardens, and in orchards; others are grown in .
woods and in forests. Some trees are planted for orna-
ment, others for fruit, others for timber.
一 一 Lesson 81. Forest Trees.
Forest trees are employed for a great variety of pur-
poses. Firs, pines, &e., are used for house-building ;
the oak, for ship-building; the elm, for pumps and for
water-mills. The ash is used for tool-handles; the
beech, for bowls; walnut, for gun-stocks ; lime, for carv-
ing; and the pear-tree and date-tree, for wood-engrav-
ing, and block-cutting.
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| and fungi, are plants.
on decayed trees; lichens grow on trees and stones;
Lesson 78. Uses of Worms.
Of soft-bodied animls the earth-worm loosens the soil
by boring its way through it. Leeches are employed
medically, and are useful in extracting blood. The cuttle-|
fish or insect produces a black fluid from which sepia is
made. The shell of the common oyster produces pearls.
From the mother-of-pearl shell buttons and ornaments ，
SECION XI.—OF PLANTS.
Lesson 79. Kinds of Plants.
Trees, shrubs, grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses, lichens,
Fungi grow on the ground and
mosses grow in woods and on old walls ; grasses, in fields ;
ferns, in shady places; herbs and flowers, in gardens,
Trees and shrubs grow in woods and plantations.
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Lesson 76. Uses of Insects.
Insects are useful in very many ways. The bee gives
us honey and wax. The silkworm produces silk. The
cochineal insect yields the cochineal used by painters:
and dyers. From an insect we obtain gall-nuts, which
are used in making ink and black dyes. The lac insect J
produces a resin from which sealing-wax is made.
1 |
Lesson 77. Worms and Shells. |
These animals have soft bodies. They are formed f
either with rings or with shells instead of bones. The §
‘bodies of the earth-worm and the leech are ringed. |
The oyster and the snail have shells. Some of the soft- J
bodied animals live upon the land, such as the snail; ff
others live in the water, such as the oyster, &c. |
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SECTION X.—OF INSECTS AND WORMS.
Lesson 74. Insects.
Insects have six legs, but spiders and scorpions have
eight. Insects are divided into three parts; the head,
the thorax, and the abdomen. Some insects have
stings, as the wasp, the bee, and the hornet. The most
common insects are the fly, the moth, the butterfly, the
beetle, the ant, the bee, the wasp, the book-moth, &e.
Lesson 75. Changes of Insects.
Insects undergo several changes. Most of them
change three times. First, they are in a little egg, which
‘changes into a caterpillar; the caterpillar grows to its
full size, and gradually contracts, hardens, and changes
‘into a chrysahs. After some time the chrysalis bursts,
| the winged insect appears, lays its eggs, and soon dies.
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Lesson 72. Fishes.
Fishes live in seas, in rivers, in streams, and in lakes..
Some fishes have a smooth skin, others are covered
with scales.- The bones of fishes are soft and white.
Fishes lay thousands of eggs, which are called spawn.
These eggs are hatched in the Sea, in rivers, or in mud.
Fishes have no voice.
Lesson 73. Uses of Fishes for Food.
Both sea and river fish are useful for food. The
chief sea fish eaten by man are the scizena, the pomfret,
the mackerel, the mango-fish, the herring, the mullet,
the garoupa, the sole, &e. The chief river fish are the
bream, the perch, the roach, the carp, the eel, the
ophicephalus, and the tench. Of fishes the shark is the
most voracious.
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SECTION IX.—REPTILES AND FISHES.
Lesson 70. Reptiles.
Reptiles have cold red blood like fishes, and unlike
\birds and quadrupeds. Many of them live both on
land and in water. Some reptiles have legs, as the
frog, the toad, the lizard, the alligator, and the tortoise ;
others have no legs, but crawl on their belly, as the
various kinds of snakes. Not a few serpents are venom-
ous.
Lesson 71. Peculiarities of Reptiles.
Some reptiles have a smooth skin, others are covered
and protected with a shell or shield. ‘The shell of the
‘tortoise is very hard. The shell of one kind of turtle
called the “shell tortoise” is beautiful, and made into
combs, &c. The flesh of another, called the “(fish with
| appear after warm showers.
feet,” is very delicate. Most lizards are harmless. Frogs|
y
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Lesson 68. Migrations of Birds.
1
Some birds visit different climates. The swallow, '
the cuckoo, and the nightingale, arrive in England in.
spring, and depart in autumn ; they pass the winter in ‘
warmer countries. Birds from colder climates, such as
swans, wild geese, and wild ducks, pass the winter in
England. Such birds traverse wide seas and extensive
countries in their migrations.
|
Lesson 69. Uses of Birds. |
The flesh of many birds, such as that of the hen, the
duck, the goose, the partridge, the pheasant, the pigeon,
the lark, &c., is good for food. Ducks, geese, and
swans, give us down and feathers for beds. The large
feathers of geese are used in western countries for mak-
jing pens, The quills of crows are used for fine writing
and for drawing.
|
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Lesson 67. Voices of Birds.
Most birds have a voice, and their sounds are differ-
ent. The cock crows; the hen clucks; geese cackle,
‘hiss, and scream; ducks quack ; the pigeon coos; the
‘swallow twitters; the blackbird whistles. Of birds
that sing well, ti are the “hundred tongues,” the
| thrush, ‘and ophers: The singing of birds commences
in nes
| Lesson 66. ests of Birds. |
|
Birds build nests for their egos and young ones.
These nests are made of moss, stic “ks, cotton, grass, ‘&e, |
Some of the smaller birds build Piet nests With great
art in hedges. The swallow builds under the eaves of
houses ; the ostrich lays her eggs in the sand without a
“nest ; the eagle builds on lofty rocks; the sea-birds
build 4 in cliffs on the coast.
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Lesson 64. Peculiarities of Birds. ( Continued.)
The ostrich runs as fast as a galloping horse; wading
birds have long necks; the stork destroys suakes; the
albatross is the largest of all sea-birds ; the flight of the
eagle is very rapid; the frigate bird can neither walk
nor swim well,—it is formed for flight; the penguin has
small wings, it walks badly, but swims well.
Lesson 65. Plumage of Birds.
The plumage of birds consists of a number of feathers :
of various sizes. These feathers are light, soft, and
strong. Some birds have a very gay plumage. Among
these are pheasants, peacocks, the different kinds of
parrots, humming-birds, and birds of paradise. Birds
lose their old feathers, and obtain new ones every year.
This change in called moulting.
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! Lesson 62. Kinds of Birds.
N
The owl, the falcon, and the eagle, are birds of prey.
Wood-peckers and parrots are good climbers but bad
walkers: The poultry kinds are good walkers, but they
cannot fly high. The ostrich and the emu are good
runners. Long-legged birds mostly wade in marshes.
Web-footed birds swim well. he
Lesson 68. Peculiarities of Birds.
Rooks build and live together in companies; finches
and sparrows have strong bills; the crossbill extracts
seeds froin fir-cones; the swallow feeds on insects; the
woodpecker taps on the bark of trees to disturb the
insects on which it feeds; owls prey by mght; the too-
keuen lays its eggs in the nests of other birds.
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Lesson 60. Sundry Uses of Animals.
| The elephant and walrus afford us ivory, out of which
aang ornaments are made. The large bones of animals
[ee made by the turner into buttons, chopsticks, and
|other things. The horns of animals are used for handles
ae knives. The hair of the horse is woven for hair-
seating. The whale and the seal yield us oil for light.
Parings of hoofs and horns are made into glue. Candles
are nade from fat. .
SECTION VIII—OF BIRDS.
Lesson 61. Of Birds.
Animals produced from eggs are called ovipara. Birds,
insects, and some other animals, are oviparous. The
flying tribes or birds, have bills, feathers, wings, tails,
and legs; their legs have toes and claws. In their throat |
they have a crop. Some have a comb, and others a tuft
of feathers, on their heads. Some birds walk, others
climb, others perch, others swim.
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Lesson 58. Uses of Animals for Food. ( Cont.)
The flesh of monkeys is eaten by the American In-
tdians ; that of the elephant, the lion, the rhinoceros, the
fitiger, and the hippopotamus by the Africans. Horse-
‘flesh is eaten by many nations in Europe and Asia; and
ithe natives of the most northern parts of the globe eat
‘the blubber of the whale, and the flesh of the seal.
Lesson 59. Uses of Animals for Clothing.
The wool of the sheep supplies us with stockings,
jwith blankets, and with cloth. The furs of many
‘animals are made into coats, caps, and mufts. The long
‘hair of goats and some other animals is woven into
shawls and articles of dress. ‘The hides of animals are
‘tanned to make leather for shoes, &c. The furs of the
‘beaver and the rabbit are made into hats.
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Lesson 56. Labouring Animals.
Some quadrupeds are serviceable to man, and labour
for him. The horse draws carriages, carries heavy ，
loads, and is used for riding. The dog keeps guard.
during the night. The patierit camel carries heavy |
burdens over hot and. sandy deserts. The ass, the,
reindeer, and the elephant, also labour for the service |
of man.
Lesson 57. Uses of Animals for food.
Animals which divide the hoof, and which feed on.
herbage and chew the cud, make the best food for man, '
as the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the deer. Many
other animals as the pig, the bear, the rabbit, and the.
hare, are also serviceable for food. The flesh of young
animals is sometimes eaten ; it is very tender. 1]
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Lesson 54. Habits of Animals.
Animals with large blunt teeth feed on herbage;
those with sharp cutting teeth prey on other animals.
Some animals feed on insects, and others on fruits.
The elephant has strong thick legs to support its heavy
body. The seal las paddles to swim with. The cat
has claws, and also a cushioned paw; she can move
about without noise.
Lesson 55. Social Habits of Animals.
Buffaloes live in, herds, sheep feed in flocks, and the
goat and the chamois inhabit high mountains. The
young stags herd with the hinds in winter for protec-
tion. Wild hogs do not leave their young till they are
strong. Oxen unite against enemies when they are
attacked. Jackals hunt their prey in herds.
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Lesson 52. Motions of Animals.
Aniinals have very different motions; the horse walks,
‘trots, canters, and gallops; the dog runs and hunts;
the goat leaps; the bear and the monkey climb; the
wolf gallops; the tiger springs on his prey; the sloth
clings to branches. The animals that feed by night
retire to dark woods and dens by day.
Lesson 58. Haunts of Animals.
The mouse, the rat, the rabbit, the fox, the mole,
and some other animals, live in holes in the ground.
The deer, the wild boar, the hare, and others, sleep
among the grass in woods. The squirrel and the
monkey live in trees. Beavers make their houses on
the banks of narrow rivers. The place where a beast
couches is called its lair.
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| Lesson 50. Peculiarities of Animals.
_ The cat, the rat, the lion, and the tiger, have whiskers ;
|| the bear has paws; the horse has solid hoofs; the camel
hasahump. The pig, the hedgehog, and the mole, have
snouts. The ox, the sheep, the goat, the deer, and some
, other animals, have horns. The wild boar has tusks.
The elephant has tusks and a trunk.
Lesson 51. Actions and Noises of Animals.
Animals have many and various ways of defending
themselves. The horse kicks; the dog bites; the goat
butts; oxen gore; and the bear hugs. Their noises
are also different. The lion roars; the dog barks and
-howls; the cat mews, and purrs, when pleased; the
_ass brays; the monkey chatters; the horse neighs; the
sheep baas; and the cow lows.
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Wild Animals. (Continued.)
The badger is solitary, the squirrel is nimble, the hare
is timid, the mouse is small, the rat is destructive, the |
beaver is industrious and skilful, the monkey is droll. |
All these, and many other animals, feed on grass, or grain, '
Lesson 48.
or fruits, or the roots and leaves of plants. Some ani-|
mals are useful for food, some for clothing, some for
labour.
Lesson 49. Clothing of Animals.
Quadrupeds have different kinds of clothing. The
sheep has wool; the pig, bristles; the ox, the horse, the
camel, the deer, and the goat, hair; the mole, the cat, |
the squirrel, the fox, the marten, and some others, fur. |
The porcupine and the hedgehog have spines. The §
horse, the lion, and the bison, have manes.
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Lesson 46. Beasts of Prey.
Beasts of prey are those that kill and eat other animals.
Beasts of prey are generally wild. The lion is powerful,
the tiger is cruel, the panther is fierce, the wolf
is voracious, the fox is cunning, the bear is ferocious,
many others are beasts of prey.
Lesson 47, Wild Animals.
Wild animals live in forests, in deserts, in plains, and
Jon mountains. The bison is fierce and shaggy, the zebra
fis beautifully striped with black and white, the elephant
is big, the deer is elegant, the reindeer is very strong
and hardy, the antelope is swift, the giraffe is tall and
gentle, the sloth is inactive on the ground, the wild boar.
1 18 bold. All these feed on grass and vegetables.
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the hyena is savage, the weasel is slender. These and |
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Lesson 44- The Mammalia.
The animals that are nourished wat ilk are called,
mimmalia. Men, cattle, whales, po rpolses, and some ,
otier fishes, are ‘mammalia. Man has two hands and
two feet; monkeys have four hands and no feet; but
most of the mammalia have four feet and no hands. |
The elephant has a proboscis which serves for a hand.
Lesson 45, Domestic Quadrupeds,
Quadrupeds kept by man are called domestic animals.
Of domestic animals, the horse is spirited, the ox is §
laborious, the cow is very useful, the sheep is innocent, |
the dog is watchful, the cat catches mice. The foal, the
calf, the lamb, the puppy, and the kitten, are playful.
The goat, the ee and the ass, are also domestic animals. |
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Lesson 42. Plays oj Girls. .
| The games of girls are different from those of boys.
They only play with small stones, at hide-and-seek, at
making dolls, and at cat’s-cradle. It is pleasant to have
| others to play with. We must therefore try to make
our gaines cheerful, and our playmates happy. In
western countries, the feet of women are not bound, so
that girls can move about and enjoy play better than
girls in China.
=
SECTION VIL.—TH#! MAMMALIA.
Lesson 43. Kinds of Animals.
Animals live, breathe, and move. Most animals grow ;
| most of them also feel.. Quadrupeds have four feet ;
they are covered with hair or fur. Birds fly; they are
covered with feathers. Fishes swim; they have fins.
Reptiles live both on land and in water. Most insects
| have six legs. Worms have no legs.
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Lesson 40. Learning.
To learn well we must take pains. To read well we
must read often and slowly. To write well we must
practise much and carefully. To understand we must
think of what we hear and read. Ciphering is more
difficult than reading or writing, but as it is very useful,
we must learn to cipher. We can learn if we try.
Lesson 41. Plays of Boys.
Those who work in school may play in play-hours.
Boys play at shuttle-cock, at ball, at touch-wood, at
pheasant-catching, at blindman’s buff, and at kite-
flying. Playing at innocent. games is good for the
health. Those who work the hardest enjoy play the
best. In cold countries, in winter, boys play at run-
Le
ning and sliding on the ice.
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Lesson 88. The Contractor.
Persons who undertake to build a house are called
contractors or master-workmen. The contractor employs
the mason and the bricklayer to build the wails, the
carpenter to do the woodwork, and the tiler to cover the
‘roof. He also employs the painter, and other workmen
‘to complete his business till the house is made fit for
dwelling in. .
SECTION VI.—ON EDUCATION.
Lesson 89. School.
| Reading and writing are useful arts. They are most
‘easily learned when we are young. Children therefore
are sent by their parents to school to learn these and
other things. Learning requires attention and patience ;
we must therefore be industrious. Teachers are to use
authority ; we must therefore be obedient.
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Lesson 36. Trades employed in Building.
Many trades are employed in building a house. The
business of each is different, but the services of all are
necessary. ‘The bricklayer raises the walls. The mason
does the stonework. The carpenter makes the roof and
floors. The slater or the tiler covers the roof. The
glazier fits the windows with glass. The plasterer covers
the walls and the ceilings with mortar; and the painter
paints the wood-work.
Lesson 37. Furniture Makers.
A large number of workmen are employed in making
furniture. The cabinet-maker makes chairs, tables, draw-
ers, bedsteads, sofas, and desks, &c. The blacksmith |
makes all articles of iron. The tinsmith makes all articles
of tin. Curtains, mattresses, screens, hangings, carpets,
blankets, &c., all are furnished by their appropriate
makers.
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| Lesson 34> Building Materials.
The materials used in building are timber, stone,
bricks, tiles, slates, lime, iron, lead, and glass. Timber
‘grows in woods and forests. Stone and slate are dug
from quarries. Bricks and tiles are made of clay. Iron
and lead are got from mines, Lime is made of lime-
stone, or of oyster-shells, Glass is manufactured at the
' glass-house.
Lesson 35. Qccupations of Men.
Men help each other by a division of labour. Some
provide food, others make clothing, others make tools
and other articles. The brazier works in brass; he}
|makes candlesticks, lamps, and kettles. The potter
works in clay; he makes cups and plates. The cutler
works in steel; he makes scissors, knives, &e.
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Lesson 82. Cleanliness.
If we wish to enjoy health we must be cleanly.
Those who are not cleanly cannot have good health. ;
Every one should bathe or use the flesh-brush every |
day. The garments next the skin should be changed |
often, as they absorb perspiration. Our dwellings |
should be kept clean and well-aired. |
\ SECTION V.—OF HABITATIONS. :
Lesson 33. Dwellings.
The dwellings of men are caves, tents, huts, and _
houses. Most men live in houses. Small houses are |
called cottages; large houses, mansions. ‘The rooms of
houses are called the inner chambers, halls, dining- |
rooms, drawing-rooms, libraries, kitchens, and cellars, |
&c. Passages and stairs lead from one storey and one |
room to another. |
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| Lesson 80. Materials of Dress.
|
Clothing is made chiefly of cotton, of flax, of wool, of ;
silk, or of skins. Cotton is the produce of a plant grown |
in Lndia, in Africa, and in America. Flax is the stem |
of a plant grown in Flanders, Ireland, Russia, and other
nations. Both cotton and flax are much grown in China,
but they are seldom exported to other countries. Wool
is obtained trom the fleece of the sheep; and silk is spun |
by the silk-worm. The various fabrics of cloth, silk,
&c., are made from these materials.
Lesson 31. Makers of Dress.
The making of dress employs many persons. The
shoemaker requires leather, which is made from the skins
of animals, which are tanned by the various workers in
skins. The tailor and the dress-maker require scissors,
needles, pins, and buttons, and all the fabrics of which
dress is made. The hatter makes hats, and gives
-employment to the blockmaker.
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SECTION IV.—OF CLOTHING.
Lesson 28. Dress of Aen.
Our bodies require cloching. We use warm clothing
in winter, and light clothing in simmer. People in
hot climates wear thin fabrics; in cold climates, furs. °
Men and boys wear caps, girdles, inner and outer robes, °
long coats, shirts, collars, waistcoats, jackets, close-
. . . 上
jackets, trowsers, leggins, shoes, stockings, boots, &e. |
上
Lesson 29. Dress of Women.
全
|
The dress of girls and women consists of headwrap-
pers, temple-bands, wide-sleeved robes, narrow-sleeved |
robes, shirts, jackets, petticoats, trowsers, leggins, feet-
bands, shoes, stockings, &c. Their ornaments are hair-
pins, ear-rings, phonix-caps, bracelets, anklets, &c.:
The ordinary dress of men and women in China is’
nearly the same, but in the western nations it is very:
different. — |
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| Lesson 26. Purveyors.
| Our food is derived from husbandry, but we do not
get it directly from the farmer; it must pass through
the hands of purveyors. There are the miller, and
pounder, who supply us with flour from grain; the
baker, who supplies us with bread and cakes; the but-
cher, who supplies us with meat; the dairyman, who
supplies us with milk; the green-grocer, who supplies
us with vegetables; and the brewer, who supplies us
, with beverages.
‘ ; Lesson 27. Purveyors. ( Continued.)
从
Many people who provide for our wants labour hard,
-—as the brewer, the miller, the rice-pounder, and
others. Others buy and sell various articles,—as the
grocer, who supplies tea, coffee, sugar, raisins, treacle,
aud spices, &c. Many things are brought from far
countries in ships by sailors, who undergo both danger
‘and fatigue to provide us with food.
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Lesson 24. The Farmer.
Farmers are one of the four classes of the people.
Much of the food we eat is supplied by them. They
grow the corn that gives our daily support. Before he !
can gather his crops, the farmer must plough, and har-
row, and manure, and sow his land. This requires ‘
labour, and skill, and. money. Large farmers employ
ry 和 .
many men. ‘The farmer sells his produce at the market.
Lesson 25. The Farmer. ( Continued.)
The farmer keeps live-stock. Horses are used to draw
the plough, and the harrow, to carry loads, and draw
carts. Oxen are sometimes also used for dr: aught; but
‘they are generally kept, like calves, sheep, and pigs,
for sale. Cows give milk, from which butter and cheese
‘are made. Fowls and ducks are kept for food, and to
supply us with eggs.
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| Lesson 26. Purveyors.
| Our food is derived from husbandry, but we do not
get it directly from the farmer; it must pass through
the hands of purveyors. There are the miller, and
pounder, who supply us with flour from grain; the
baker, who supplies us with bread and cakes; the but-
cher, who supplies us with meat; the dairyman, who
supplies us with milk; the green-grocer, who supplies
us with vegetables; and the brewer, who supplies us
with beverages.
Lesson 27. Purveyors. ( Continued.)
Many people who provide for our wants labour hard,
一 as the brewer, the miller, the rice-pounder, and
others. Others buy and sell various articles,—as the
grocer, who supplies tea, coffee, sugar, raisins, treacle,
and spices, &. Many things are brought from far
countries in ships by sailors, who undergo both danger
and fatigue to provide us with food.
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Lesson 24. The Farmer.
Farmers are one of the four classes of the people.
Much of the food we eat is supplied by them. They
grow the corn that gives our daily support. Before he
can gather his crops, the farmer must plough, and har- |
row, and manure, and sow his land. This requires |
labour, and skill, and money. Large farmers employ
many men. ‘The farmer sells his produce at the market.
Lesson 25. The Farmer. (Continued, )
The farmer keeps live-stock. Horses are used to draw
the plough, and the harrow, to carry loads, and draw
carts. Oxen are sometimes also used for draught; but
they are generally kept, like calves, sheep, and pigs,
for sale. Cows give milk, from which butter and cheese
are made. Fowls and ducks are kept for food, and to
supply us with eggs. .
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Lesson 22. Food.
Food is eaten to satisfy hunger and support the
body. It is chewed with the teeth, and swallowed,
| when it passes into the stomach; it is there digested.
The nourishing part of it is formed into blood, to
nourish the life, and supply the strength of the body.
Food that has been cooked is more nourishing than that
which has not been cooked.
Lesson 23. Drink.
We quench our-thirst by drinks. The chief beverages
‘are water, milk, tea, coffee, ale, wine, cider, and perry.
Of all these water is the best. Tea and coffee are next
to it. \Milk is both pleasant and wholesome, especially
for children. Ale, wine, perry, and cider, are intoxi-
| cating. Al kinds of ardent spirits are intoxicating and
pernicious.
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SECTION III. 一 OF FOOD.
Lesson 16. Animal Food.
|
|
To keep the body in health, we must eat and drink. |
Many things are proper for food, and among them the
flesh of animals. The principal flesh meats are beef, |
veal, mutton, lamb, and pork. We also eat the flesh of.
deer, goats, hares, rabbits, and other kinds of animals.
Flesh is also made into soups.
|
Lesson 17. Animal Food. (Continued.)
‘ I
Birds and fish supply man with food. Of birds we
eat fowls, ducks, geese, turkeys, pigeons, partridges, and
pheasants. Of fish we eat the bream, mackerel, carp,
flounder, eels, and other kinds. Of shell-fish we eat
crabs, shrimps, lobsters, oysters, and cockles. The sea-
turtle is also used for food. |
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Lesson 14. Outward Actions of the Body.
Our bodies are capable of various actions. We can
touch, hold, strike, or pull; we can walk, run, jump, or
‘dance; we can stand, sit, or lie down. We can also
‘see, hear, smell, taste, and feel; we can laugh, smile,
‘sigh, cry, scream, or sing. We can perform many ac-
tions with our hands.
Lesson 15. The Stages of Life.
The first Part of life is infancy. When we can run
f about and talk, it is the time of childhood. When we
can take care of ourselves, it is the time of youth. A
few years after, we are strong and full-grown; this is
the time of manhood. When our strength decays, and
1 our limbs totter, it is the time of old age,
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Lesson 12. Sustenance and Rest.
We eat when we are hungry, and drink when we are
thirsty. We cease to eat and drink when we have had
enough. We rest when we are tired, and sleep when
we are sleepy, and having slept enough we awake, and ，
feel refreshed. We become hungry, thirsty, tired, and |
sleepy, every day. We therefore need food, drink, rest,
and sleep, every day.
Lesson 18. Internal Actions of the Body.
The action of the internal organs of the body sustains
life. In them the food is digested. That which sup-
ports life is mixed with the blood, and that which is
useless is sent out of the body. The heart circulates
the blood when it is made, and the lungs supply us
with air. The heart and the lungs act when we are
asleep as well as when we are awake. When they act,
imperfectly we are ill; when they cease to act we die.
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Lesson 10. The Bones, Muscles, fe.
The principal bones are the skull, the jaw-bone, the
breast-bone, the shoulder-blades, the spine, the ribs, and
the bones of the arms, he ands, thighs, legs, and ‘feet.
The. bones are kept in their places by muscles and
tendons. ‘The muscles are the flesh. The tendons are
the ends of the muscles; they are fastened to the bones.
Lesson 11. The Heart, Lungs, Se.
The blood flows from the heart through the body
in the arteries. It returns to the heart ‘through the
veins. Its colour has changed to purple, and it passes
into the lungs, and is purified by being mixed with the
air we breathe. This restores its scar let colour, and it
again flows through the body in the arteries. The
circulation goes on without stopping.
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Lesson 8. The Lower Limbs.
The lower limbs are the thighs, the legs, the feet,
and the toes. The thighs are joined to “the trunk, !
the legs to the thighs, the feet to the legs, and the
toes to the feet. We have two thighs, two legs, two
feet, and ten toes. The back of the foot is the heel ;
the upper part of the foot is the instep; the under part
is the sole.
Lesson 9. The Joints.
The parts of the body move on joints. The chief
joints are at the shoulders, the elbows, the: wrists, the
hips, the knees, and the ancles. The fingers and
the toes have numerous smaller joints. The back-bone_
is a pillar of bones and joints, and is very flexible.
The head moves on the first and second: joints of
the spine.
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Lesson 6. The Trunk.
The largest part of the body is the trunk. The parts
of the trunk are the shoulders, the chest, the ribs, the
belly, and the back. The upper part of the trunk is the
are joined to the spine, and to the breast-bone. Inside
the chest are the heart and lungs. The lower part is
the belly.
Lesson 7. The Upper Limbs.
The upper limbs are the arms, the hands, and the
‘fingers. The arms are fixed to the trunk at the shoul-
| ders; the hands to the arms, at the wrists; and the
"fingers to the hands, at the knuckles. We have two
arms, two hands, and ten fingers. The inner part of
the hand is the palm; the closed hand is called the fist.
chest. The sides of the chest are the ribs. The ribs:
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SECTION II.—THE BODY AND ITS PARTS.
Lesson 4. The Head.
The body is distinguished into many parts, of which
the chief are the head, the trunk, and the limbs. The
head is the highest part of the body. It is composed |
of the skull and the face. ‘The skull includes the crown,
the forehead, and the back and sides of the head. It is
covered by the hair,:and contains and protects the brain.
The face is at the front of the head.
Lesson 5. The Face.
Our faces are provided with eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, a
nose, lips, and a chin. The eyes are to see with; they
are provided with eyelids. The nose is to smell with ;
it has openings on each side, called nostrils. The lips
are to talk and to eat with; they are very flexible; and
are kept from sinking inwards by the teeth. |
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| | Lesson 2. Creatures and Beings.
All created things are called creatures in English. The
# stone, the leaf, the horse, the bird, the tree, and the star,
are all creatures. Some creatures have life, and others
ihavenot. Those which have life, as the horse, the bird,
‘and the tee, are called beings in English. Those which
qj have not life, as the star and the stone, are only called
f things, not beings.
Lesson 3. Human Beings.
}} Mankind are called human beings in English. Human
四 beings have both bodies and souls. Their bodies grow; a
child is bigger than an infant, and a man is bigger than
a child. ‘Their souls are made to understand, to reason,
J and to love. Mankind know what is right and what is
§ wrong, and they are accountable to God for their actions.
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THE
CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE.
GRADATION 1.
SECTION I.—INTRODUCTORY.
Lesson 1. Objects.
A stone, a book, a tree, a bird, a horse, a pin, a leaf, a |
chair, a star, a hat, are all objects. All things that we can!
see are called objects in English. The chair, the hat, the |
pin, and the book, were made by man. The stone, the:
tree, the bird, the leaf, the horse, and the star, were not
made by man, but were created by God, and are called |
created things. The things which are made by man’
are not created things. |
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XX. OF TRADE AND COMMERCE.
156. Half-civilized Nations.
155. Barbarous Nations.
157. Civilized Nations.
Lesson
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XXL. OF MATTER, MOTION, &e.
Divisibility of Matter,
Peculiar Properties of Matter.
Indestructibility of Matter.
Motion.
Newspapers and Books.
Exports and Imports.
Self-Improvement.
Ships.
Attraction.
Commerce.
Machinery.
Laiguage.
History.
158
159
160
16]
162
163
164
165
166.
16
168
169
XVIII. OF GOVERNMENT.
The British Nation.
140. Water.
141. Fire.
142. Ventilation. i
143. Roads and Railways.
| Lesson
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The Land and Naval Forces.
Evil-doers.
Trial by Jury.
Money.
Property.
Taxes.
War.
XIX. OF OTHER NATIONS BESIDES
BRITAIN.
153. Africa, America, and Oceania. |
152. Europe and Asia.
154. Savage Nations.
1
|
Lesson
108. Materials of little Value,
109. Nothing is Useless. ~
XIV. THF AIR AND THE HEAVENS.
110.
111. The Poles. 128
112. Motions of the Earth. 129,
113. Equinoxes and Solstices. 130
114. The Moon. 181
115. The Atmosphere. 132
. 116. Meteors.
KV. OF TIME.
117. Divisions of the Day.
. Months and Decades.
. Months and Seasons.
. Cycles and Centuries:
The Earth and the Universe.
XVI. OF CLIMATES, ETC.
. The Torrid Zone.
. The Frigid Zones.
. The Temperate Zones.
. Inhabitants of the Zones.
. Climates.
. Productions of Climates
. Productions of Climates
. Productions of Climates
. Productions of Climates
. Productions of Climates.
XVII, OF SOCIAL LIF
. Domestic Belations.
. Trade and Agriculture.
. Tradesmen, Mechanics,
. Divers Employments.
. Cont.
. Cont.
. Cont.
. Cont.
. Cont.
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137. Professions.
. The Cardinal Points. 138. Buildings of a Town.
. The Equator and the Zones. | 139. Gas.
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Lesson
2. The Corn Plants.
. Changes of Insects.
. Uses of Insects.
. Worms and Shells.
» Uses of Worms.
XI. OF PLANTS.
. Kinds of Plants.
. Trees and Shrubs.
. Forest Trees,
. Garden Produce.
. Medicinal Plants.
. Garden Flowers.
. Ferns, Mosses, Fungi.
. Uses of plants.
. Uses of plants. Cont.
. Varieties in Plants.
. Growth of Plants.
XII. OF THE EARTH.
Lesson
91. Divisions of Land.
. Tracts of Land.
. Collections of Water.
. Changes in Water.
. Substance of the Earth.
. Earths and Salts.
. Metals.
. Combustible Minerals.
. Uses of Metals.
100. Precious Stunes.
XIII. OF SUBSTANCES.
. The three Classes of Objects.
. Animal Substances. Imports.
. Vegetable Substances. Imp.
. Resins and Gums. Imp.
105. Roots and Oils. Imp.
Mineral Productions.
Waste Materials.
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36. Trades empleyed in Building.
37. Furniture Makers,
38. The Contractor. as
VI. OE EDUCATION, ETC.
. School.
. Learning.
. Plays of Boys.
. Plays of Girls.
Lesson
. Labouring Animals.
. Uses of Animals for Food.
. Uses of Animals for Food. Cont.
. Uses of Animals for Clothing.
» Sundry Uses of Animals.
Vil. OF BIRDS.
. Birds.
. Kinds of Birds.
. Peculiarities of Birds,
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| VII. THE MAMMALIA, 2 y ecules of in Cont.
; 5 :
43. Kinds of Animals. . Plumage of Birds,
44. ‘The Mammalia, or Velceof Bin
ag eee ore 68. Migrations of Birds.
47. Wild Agtirasle, i 69. Uses of Birds,
48. Wild Animals. Cont. -IX. OF REPTILES AND FISHES.
49. Clothi f Animals, |
50. P eculiarities of Anifhals. Ny pes nee of Reptiles,
“Bl. Actions & Noises of Animals. 72. Fishes,
52. Motions of Animals. 78. Uses of Fishes for Food.
53. Haunts of Animals.
. Habits of Animals. X. OF INSECTS AND WORMS.
55. Social Habits of Animals. 74, Insects.
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| Lesson
。 Objects.
. Creatures and Beings.
. Human Beings.
SUBJECTS OF THE LESSONS.
1. INTRODUCTORY.
Il. THE BODY AND ITS PARTS.
- The Head.
- The Face.
. The Trunk.
« The Upper Limbs.
« The Lower Limbs.
. The Joints.
. The Bones, Muscles, &c.
. The Heart, Lungs, &c.
. Sustenance and Rest.
. Internal Actions of the Body.
. Outward Actions of the Body.
. The Stages of Life.
Ill. OF FOOD.
. Animal Food.
. Animal Food. Continued.
iLeseon
18. Kitchen Vegetables.
。 The Grain Plants.
. Fruits.
. Condiments,
- Food.
. Drink.
. The Farmer.
. The Farmer. Cont.
. Purveyors.
. Purveyors. Cont.
IV. OFag LOTHING,
. Dress of Men.
- Dress of Women.
. Materials ef Dress.
- Makers of Dress.
. Cleanliness.
V. OF HABITATIONS, ETC.
. v
. Dwellings. J
. Building Materials,
5. Occupations of Men.
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PREFACE
The following paragraphs from the Preface to the English work, which is
here reprinted along with a Chinese translation of it, will sufficiently explain
its nature and object.
“The object of the present work is to supply a series of elementary lessons
suitable both for school and for home instruction. A niore comprehensive and
systematic arrangement of subjects has been attempted than any at present
existing in the English Language, and a method of graduating: the lessons has
been adopted which accommodates the series to children of different degrees
of advancement. 1
' For the junior pupils a mere outline of simple facts is drawn up in short!
sentences, the lessons of this series abounding in nouns. For pupils a little’
more advanced, additional information is embodied in lessons of longer «senten- ,
ces. For pupils of a higher order still, the lessons are amplified, and call for |
a greater exertion of the reasoning powers.
The first series of lessons, printed in bold type, each of. which, including the ,
observation of the teacher, will occupy an hour, is intended for children of five |
or six years old. ‘The second series is adapted to pupils a year older. And |
for children still further advanced a third series is prepared, each lesson of |
which, though double the length of the second, will not engage the senior pupils |
a longer time than the younger ones will have to devote to their lesson. ‘he '
advantages resulting from such a progressive course of lessons are obvious.
The mind of the teacher is employed on one subject only for as many classes as |
are thus occupied ; and the illustrations requisite for one class will be suitable
to all.”
All who have been engaged in teaching Chinese youth, especially where the
English language and the ordinary branches of an English education have been ,
included in the scheme of instruction, have continually felt the want of school |
books,. adapted for the peculiar sphere of their labours. ‘The translation of Mr. '
Baker’s lessons was undertaken to supply this want, the author having found ，
them better suited for the purpose than any others he had met with. ‘The |
second and third gradations will (D. V.) be similarly published. Alterations |
| and additions have been made in some of the lessons, which the circumstances
of Chinese lads seemed to require, but not to any great extent.
J.L.
Hong-Kong, 1st December 1856.
In this, Second Edition the Chinese has been aia and a few alterations
| have been made besides in both Texts. { 7"
81st December, 1864.
A.3574 28
GRADUATED READING;
COMPRISING
A CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE,
IN (200 LESSONS. 7
GRADATION 1.
»
SECOND EDITION. IMPROVED.
BOSD
HONGKONG:
PRINTED AT THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY’S PRESS.
1864.
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CORNELL
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